As an explanation for joint rushing, we then propose a combination of two mechanisms, a period correction mechanism, which is a standard component of models of human sensorimotor synchronization 10, with a phase advance mechanism, a mechanism that has been proposed to regulate rhythmic synchronicity in some firefly species and chorusing insects 11. In this article, we first present evidence that joint rushing is a robust phenomenon that emerges in interpersonal sensorimotor synchronization. Thus, the systematic study of joint rushing has potential to lead to more adequate models of inter-personal coordination by identifying missing components. Specifically, they do not consider how sounds produced during synchronous, rhythmic joint actions are integrated to result in specific patterns of tempo drift. We argue that if joint rushing indeed emerges from human interaction in contrast to purely individual processes, then predominant models of inter-subjective sensorimotor synchronization are incomplete. Thus, despite the rich literature on the cognitive and neural bases of rhythmic performance in humans 8, 9, the psychological mechanisms underlying joint rushing are still unknown. Even though this phenomenon appears to be ubiquitous and well known among musicians, dancers and their audiences 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, it has hardly been addressed in research on timing mechanisms in humans (except for two recent studies 6, 7). When humans engage in synchronized, rhythmic joint activities, they tend to increase their pace unconsciously. Further control conditions ruled out the alternative hypothesis that rushing during rhythmic interactions can be explained by social facilitation or action mirroring effects. Joint rushing was more pronounced when the action effects produced by different individuals were perceptually similar, supporting the assumption that a phase advance mechanism contributed to rushing. The results showed that joint rushing is a robust phenomenon occurring in groups of different sizes. Furthermore, we asked whether perceptual similarities produced by the actions of different individuals modulate the joint rushing effect. In three experiments, we investigated whether joint rushing can be reliably observed in a joint synchronization-continuation drumming task. When this mechanism is combined with a human-specific period correction mechanism, the shortened periods of individual intervals are translated into a tempo increase. The phase advance mechanism was first proposed in research on synchronously flashing fireflies and chorusing insects. We propose that joint rushing arises from the concurrent activity of two separate mechanisms.
Despite the rich literature on rhythmic performance in humans, the mechanisms underlying joint rushing are still unknown. When people engage in rhythmic joint actions, from simple clapping games to elaborate joint music making, they tend to increase their tempo unconsciously.
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